Revisión sistemática sobre la influencia de la edad, el género y las variaciones estacionales en el absceso periamigdalino / Systematic review on the influence of age, gender and seasonal variations on peritonsillar abscess

Introducción y objetivo: El absceso periamigdalino (AP) es la complicación más frecuente de la amigdalitis aguda. Dadas las discrepancias observadas en la literatura, presentamos una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía, para analizar la prevalencia del AP en nuestro ámbito, en relación con tres factores epidemiológicos: la edad, el sexo y la climatología. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la influencia de la edad, el género y la estacionalidad en el AP. Las bases utilizadas fueron PubMed, Cochrane y Medline, sin restricción de tiempo, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. El registro se llevó a cabo por tres revisores independientes, durante el mes de octubre de 2022. Resultados: Se obtuvieron, tras excluir duplicados, 289 artículos, de los que tras el cribado que se detalla en la metodología, seleccionamos 23, como parte de la revisión sistemática. Discusión: En la mayoría de los trabajos incluidos, se objetiva un predominio del AP en los hombres, con una ratio hombres/mujeres, variable de 1,16 a 3. Se desconocen las causas de esta diferencia de género. La edad media de aparición del AP varía, según el estudio, de los 22 a los 39 años. Aunque con resultados dispares, el AP no parece tener un predominio estacional, sin que podamos descartar una cierta influencia climática. Conclusiones: El AP es la complicación más frecuente de la amigdalitis aguda. En el adulto, predomina en hombres. La media de edad oscila entre los 22 y 39 años. No parece mostrar preferencia climática. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Peritonsillar abscess (PA) is the most frequent complication of acute tonsillitis. Given the discrepancies observed in the literature, we present a systematic review to analyse the prevalence of PA in our setting in relation to three epidemiological factors: age, gender, and climatology. Methods: A literature search was carried out on the influence of age, gender, and seasonality on PA. The databases used were PubMed, Cochrane, and Medline, without time restriction, following the PRISMA methodology. The registry was carried out by three independent reviewers during the month of October 2022. Results: After excluding duplicates, 289 articles were obtained, of which, after the screening detailed in the methodology, we selected 23 as part of the systematic review. Discussion: In most of the included papers, a predominance of PA in men is observed, with a male/female ratio varying from 1.16 to 3. The mean age of onset of PA varies, depending on the study, from 22 to 39 years. Although with disparate results, AP does not seem to have a seasonal predominance, without being able to rule out a certain climatic influence. Conclusions: AP is the most frequent complication of acute tonsillitis. In adults, it predominates in men. The mean age ranges between 22 and 39 years. It does not seem to show climatic preference. (AU)

Estudio retrospectivo de la incidencia de los abscesos periamigdalinos y parafaríngeos en el periodo 2000-2021 / Retrospective study of the incidence of peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses in the period 2000-2021

Introducción y objetivo: Las infecciones faringo-amigdalares y sus complicaciones son muy frecuentes y con características epidemiológicas variables, de unos países a otros. El objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en determinar la incidencia, edad, género y estacionalidad, de los pacientes ingresados con amigdalitis (A), absceso periamigdalino (AP) y parafaríngeo (APF), en un hospital de tercer nivel, en Valladolid (España). Método: Estudio retrospectivo de 1339 pacientes ingresados en HCUV entre los años 2000 y 2021 por infecciones faringocervicales (A, AP y APF). Resultados: La media de edad de los pacientes ingresados con A es de 27,8 años, con AP de 35,5 y con APF de 47 años, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001). La amigdalitis predomina en mujeres (ratio: 1,26), y en hombres el AP (ratio: 1,44) y el APF (ratio: 2,4). No hemos encontrado relación significativa de estos procesos ni con los meses del año ni con las estaciones climáticas. Discusión: Las diferencias de género, edad media y estacionalidad entre la A y el AP generan controversia para poder entender el origen del AP y la posible influencia de los factores de riesgo. Hay pocos estudios epidemiológicos publicados sobre el APF, cuya incidencia parece que está aumentando, por causas desconocidas. Conclusiones: La A destaca en la infancia, el AP en adultos jóvenes y el APF en más mayores. Salvo la A y el AP en adolescentes, que predominan en mujeres, el resto de los abscesos faringocervicales son más frecuentes en hombres. En la población estudiada el clima no parece un factor etiopatogénico importante. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Pharyngotonsillar infections and their complications are very frequent, and their epidemiological characteristics vary from one country to another. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, age, gender and seasonality of patients admitted with tonsillitis (T), peritonsillar abscess (PT) and parapharyngeal abscess (PPA) in a tertiary hospital in Valladolid (Spain). Method: Retrospective study of 1339 patients admitted to HCUV between 2000 and 2021 for pharyngo-cervical infections (A, PA and PPA). Results: The mean age of patients admitted with A was 27.8 years, 35.5 years with PA and 47 years with PPA, this difference being statistically significant (p<0.001). Tonsillitis predominates in women (ratio: 1.26), and in men PA (ratio: 1.44) and PPA (ratio: 2.4). We found no significant relationship between the frecuency of these processes and the months of the year or climatic seasons. Discussion: The differences in gender, mean age and seasonality between A and PA generate controversy in order to understand the origin of PA and the possible influence of risk factors. There are few epidemiological studies published on PPA, whose incidence seems to be increasing, for unknown causes. Conclusions: A tends out in childhood, PA in young adults and PPA in older patients. Except for A and PPA in adolescents, which predominate in women, the rest of the pharyngo-cervical abscesses are more frequent in men. In the population studied, climate does not seem to be an important etiopathogenic factor. (AU)

Silent Airway Mucus Plugs in COPD and Clinical Implications.

BACKGROUND: Airway mucus plugs are frequently identified on CT scans of patients with COPD with a smoking history without mucus-related symptoms (ie, cough, phlegm [silent mucus plugs]). RESEARCH QUESTION: In patients with COPD, what are the risk and protective factors associated with silent airway mucus plugs? Are silent mucus plugs associated with functional, structural, and clinical measures of disease? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified mucus plugs on chest CT scans of participants with COPD from the COPDGene study. The mucus plug score was defined as the number of pulmonary segments with mucus plugs, ranging from 0 to 18, and categorized into three groups (0, 1-2, and ≥ 3). We determined risk and protective factors for silent mucus plugs and the associations of silent mucus plugs with measures of disease severity using multivariable linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of 4,363 participants with COPD, 1,739 had no cough or phlegm. Among the 1,739 participants, 627 (36%) had airway mucus plugs identified on CT scan. Risk factors of silent mucus plugs (compared with symptomatic mucus plugs) were older age (OR, 1.02), female sex (OR, 1.40), and Black race (OR, 1.93) (all P values < .01). Among those without cough or phlegm, silent mucus plugs (vs absence of mucus plugs) were associated with worse 6-min walk distance, worse resting arterial oxygen saturation, worse FEV1 % predicted, greater emphysema, thicker airway walls, and higher odds of severe exacerbation in the past year in adjusted models. INTERPRETATION: Mucus plugs are common in patients with COPD without mucus-related symptoms. Silent mucus plugs are associated with worse functional, structural, and clinical measures of disease. CT scan-identified mucus plugs can complement the evaluation of patients with COPD.

Suspected Bronchiectasis and Mortality in Adults With a History of Smoking Who Have Normal and Impaired Lung Function : A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with greater mortality. However, whether suspected bronchiectasis-defined as incidental bronchiectasis on computed tomography (CT) images plus clinical manifestation-is associated with increased mortality in adults with a history of smoking with normal spirometry and preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between suspected bronchiectasis and mortality in adults with normal spirometry, PRISm, and obstructive spirometry. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort. SETTING: The COPDGene (Genetic Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) study. PARTICIPANTS: 7662 non-Hispanic Black or White adults, aged 45 to 80 years, with 10 or more pack-years of smoking history. Participants who were former and current smokers were stratified into normal spirometry (n = 3277), PRISm (n = 986), and obstructive spirometry (n = 3399). MEASUREMENTS: Bronchiectasis identified by CT was ascertained using artificial intelligence-based measurements of an airway-to-artery ratio (AAR) greater than 1 (AAR >1), a measure of bronchial dilatation. The primary outcome of "suspected bronchiectasis" was defined as an AAR >1 of greater than 1% plus 2 of the following: cough, phlegm, dyspnea, and history of 2 or more exacerbations. RESULTS: Among the 7662 participants (mean age, 60 years; 52% women), 1352 (17.6%) had suspected bronchiectasis. During a median follow-up of 11 years, 2095 (27.3%) died. Ten-year mortality risk was higher in participants with suspected bronchiectasis, compared with those without suspected bronchiectasis (normal spirometry: difference in mortality probability [Pr], 0.15 [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.21]; PRISm: Pr, 0.07 [CI, -0.003 to 0.15]; obstructive spirometry: Pr, 0.06 [CI, 0.03 to 0.09]). When only CT was used to identify bronchiectasis, the differences were attenuated in the normal spirometry (Pr, 0.04 [CI, -0.001 to 0.08]). LIMITATIONS: Only 2 racial groups were studied. Only 1 measurement was used to define bronchiectasis on CT. Symptoms of suspected bronchiectasis were nonspecific. CONCLUSION: Suspected bronchiectasis was associated with a heightened risk for mortality in adults with normal and obstructive spirometry. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Seguimiento otológico en niños con síndrome de Down / Otological follow-up in children with Down

Introducción y objetivo: La trisomía 21 es la alteración cromosómica más frecuente que a consecuencia del incremento experimentado en su esperanza de vida, requiere unos cuidados más especializados. Las manifestaciones de la esfera ORL representan un foco dominante de morbilidad. Los problemas auditivos son más habituales que en el resto de población, pudiendo mediatizar la evolución educativa y social, afectando su calidad de vida. El objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en analizar los resultados del seguimiento otológico y auditivo de los niños con síndrome de Down (SD), evaluados en el Servicio de ORL del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid (HCUV). Método: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo/retrospectivo de 83 niños con SD que acudieron a consulta de hipoacusia infantil entre los años 1993 y 2021. Resultados: Detectamos un 66% de malformaciones de oído externo. La patología de oído medio estuvo presente en el 93%. Se objetivó hipoacusia en el 61%, siendo bilateral en el 78%. El 87% de las diagnosticadas, son de grado leve/moderado y el 6% profundo. La hipoacusia mixta fue el tipo más frecuente, seguida de la neurosensorial. Se realizó cirugía ORL al 62%, destacando la adenoidectomía. Discusión: El seguimiento ORL recomendado para los niños con SD resulta una tarea difícil de organizar, donde se impone desarrollar una planificación específica, que lo haga posible en nuestro sistema público de salud. Conclusiones: Dada la frecuencia e importantes repercusiones de las alteraciones auditivas en los niños con SD, es fundamental la identificación precoz y el seguimiento indefinido, para intentar favorecer su correcto desarrollo. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Trisomy 21 is the most frequent chromosomal alteration and, because of the increase in life expectancy, requires more specialized care. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) manifestations are a dominant focus of morbidity. Hearing problems are more common when compared to the rest of the population and can impact educational and social development, affecting their quality of life. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of the otological and auditory follow-up of children with Down syndrome (DS), evaluated in the ENT Department of the Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid (HCUV). Method: Prospective/retrospective longitudinal study of 83 children with DS who attended consultation for childhood hearing loss between 1993 and 2021. Results: We detected 66% of external ear malformations. Middle ear pathology was present in 93%. Hearing loss was found in 61%, being bilateral in 78%. Of those diagnosed, 87% were mild/moderate and 6% were profound. Mixed hearing loss was the most frequent type, followed by sensorineural hearing loss. ENT surgery was performed in 62%, with adenoidectomy being the most frequent. Discussion: ENT follow-up recommended for children with DS is a difficult task to organize, as it is necessary to develop specific planning to make it possible in our public health system. Conclusions: Given the frequency and important repercussions of hearing impairment in children with DS, early identification and indefinite follow-up is essential to try to promote their correct development. (AU)

Síndrome de boca ardiente, abordaje otorrinolaringológico. Revisión bibliográfica sistemática / Burning mouth syndrome, otorhinolaryngological approach. Systematic literature review

Introducción y objetivo: El síndrome de boca ardiente (SBA) es una afección crónica, que cursa con quemazón o dolor de la mucosa bucal, afectando predominantemente a mujeres de edad media. Puede aparecer como cuadro primario o bien de forma secundaria. La fisiopatología de esta entidad es bastante desconocida. Existe un amplio abanico terapéutico, pero por lo general precisa de un abordaje multidisciplinar. Nuestra intención es realizar una puesta al día de la enfermedad para poder hacerla frente en la consulta de otorrinolaringología. Método: Revisión bibliográfica de la literatura. Fecha de publicación limitada de 2012 a 2022. Resultados: El SBA presenta una etiopatogenia de carácter multifactorial. Para su diagnóstico es necesario realizar una exhaustiva anamnesis y exploración. Se diferencian 3 tipos distintos de SBA, siendo el tipo II el más frecuente y el más refractario a la terapia. El adecuado tratamiento se fundamenta en un correcto diagnóstico y debe ser multidisciplinar. Discusión: Es importante resaltar que es una entidad benigna. Los tratamientos son variados y no hay ninguno que destaque sobre el resto, lo que dificulta el manejo de estos pacientes. Aunque la bibliografía sobre este síndrome es abundante, no se han producido en los últimos años, importantes innovaciones en cuanto a la etiología y tratamiento. Conclusiones: La anamnesis y los estudios de laboratorio son fundamentales para descartar casusas secundarias de la enfermedad. La terapia es diversa y debe incluir derivación a salud mental como parte del manejo multidisciplinar. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic condition that causes burning or pain of the oral mucosa, predominantly affecting middle-aged women. It can appear as a primary box or secondary. The pathophysiology of this entity is quite unknown. There is a varied therapeutic range, but it generally requires a multidisciplinary approach. Our intention is to update the disease in order to deal with it in the otorhinolaryngology consultation. Method: Bibliographic review of the literature. Limited release date from 2012 to 2022. Results: BMS has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis. For its diagnosis it is necessary to carry out an exhaustive anamnesis and examination. There are 3 different types of BMS, type II being the most frequent and the most refractory to therapy. Adequate treatment is based on a correct diagnosis and must be multidisciplinary. Discussion: It is important to emphasize that it is a benign entity. The treatments are varied and there is none that stands out above the rest, which makes it difficult to manage these patients. Although the bibliography on this syndrome is abundant, important innovations in terms of etiology and treatment have not been produced in recent years. Conclusions: Anamnesis and laboratory studies are essential to rule out secondary causes of the disease. Therapy is varied and should include referral to mental health as part of multidisciplinary management. (AU)

Airway-Occluding Mucus Plugs and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Importance: Airway mucus plugs are common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, the association of airway mucus plugging and mortality in patients with COPD is unknown. Objective: To determine whether airway mucus plugs identified on chest computed tomography (CT) were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: Observational retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients with a diagnosis of COPD in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD cohort. Participants were non-Hispanic Black or White individuals, aged 45 to 80 years, who smoked at least 10 pack-years. Participants were enrolled at 21 centers across the US between November 2007 and April 2011 and were followed up through August 31, 2022. Exposures: Mucus plugs that completely occluded airways on chest CT scans, identified in medium- to large-sized airways (ie, approximately 2- to 10-mm lumen diameter) and categorized as affecting 0, 1 to 2, or 3 or more lung segments. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, assessed with proportional hazard regression analysis. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index, pack-years smoked, current smoking status, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration, and CT measures of emphysema and airway disease. Results: Among the 4483 participants with COPD, 4363 were included in the primary analysis (median age, 63 years [IQR, 57-70 years]; 44% were women). A total of 2585 (59.3%), 953 (21.8%), and 825 (18.9%) participants had mucus plugs in 0, 1 to 2, and 3 or more lung segments, respectively. During a median 9.5-year follow-up, 1769 participants (40.6%) died. The mortality rates were 34.0% (95% CI, 32.2%-35.8%), 46.7% (95% CI, 43.5%-49.9%), and 54.1% (95% CI, 50.7%-57.4%) in participants who had mucus plugs in 0, 1 to 2, and 3 or more lung segments, respectively. The presence of mucus plugs in 1 to 2 vs 0 and 3 or more vs 0 lung segments was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of death of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.02-1.29) and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.10-1.41), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: In participants with COPD, the presence of mucus plugs that obstructed medium- to large-sized airways was associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with patients without mucus plugging on chest CT scans.

Sordera súbita idiopática: factores pronóstico y resultados del tratamiento de rescate con dexametasona intratimpánica / Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: prognostic factors and outcomes of salvage treatment with intratympanic dexamethasone

Introducción y objetivos: La sordera súbita idiopática se define habitualmente, como una pérdida auditiva superior o igual a 30 dB HL, en 3 o más frecuencias consecutivas, con un tiempo de instauración inferior a 72 horas, de causa desconocida. Siendo actualmente motivo de discusión el efecto de la terapia esteroidea en este síndrome, evaluaremos la eficacia del corticoide intratimpánico (CIT) como tratamiento de rescate. Como objetivo secundario, estudiaremos la influencia de determinados factores considerados de riesgo o pronóstico. Pacientes y métodos: Se comparan los resultados de dos grupos de población con edad y pérdida auditiva similar. El primero, de 99 pacientes, recibió exclusivamente tratamiento sistémico con corticoides. En el segundo de 70, con una sordera súbita idiopática refractaria al tratamiento general, instilamos corticoide intratimpánico. Comparamos las diferencias de umbral medio auditivo en el momento del diagnóstico y a los 3 meses, además del grado general de recuperación. Resultados: La aplicación intratimpánica de 3 dosis de dexametasona (8mg/ml) en la sordera súbita idiopática refractaria, no ha producido, en nuestra población, un cambio significativo respecto al tratamiento sistémico. Analizamos también la influencia de los factores pronósticos seleccionados. Discusión: Desconocemos la eficacia del tratamiento con corticoides en la sordera súbita idiopática. El tipo de lesión y las características del paciente podrían ser decisivos en el pronóstico final y en el resultado terapéutico. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de rescate con CIT, no ha aportado mejoría auditiva significativa en la población estudiada. Los factores con peor pronóstico son: la presencia de síntomas vestibulares, la hipoacusia de grado profundo, la caída audiométrica hacia tonos agudos, el inicio del tratamiento después de 2 semanas y fundamentalmente, la falta de mejoría de al menos 10 dB el 4º día de tratamiento. (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSNHL) is commonly defined as greater than 30 dB of hearing loss in at least 3 audiometric frequencies occurring over 3 days or less, of unknown cause. Since the effect of steroid therapy in this syndrome is currently under discussion, we will evaluate the efficacy of intratympanic corticosteroid (ITC) as rescue treatment. As a secondary objective, we will study the influence of certain factors considered risk or prognostic. Patients and methods: The results of two population groups with similar age and hearing loss are compared. The first of 99 patients received exclusively systemic treatment with corticosteroids. In the second group of 70, with ISSNHL refractory to general treatment, we instilled intratympanic corticosteroids. We compared the differences in mean hearing threshold at diagnosis and at 3 months, as well as the general degree of recovery. Results: Intratympanic application of 3 doses of dexamethasone (8mg/ml) in refractory ISSNHL did not produce, in our population, a significant change with respect to systemic treatment. We also analyzed the influence of selected prognostic factors. Discussion: We do not know the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment in idiopathic sudden deafness. The type of lesion and patient characteristics could be decisive in the final prognosis and therapeutic outcome. Conclusions: Rescue treatment with ITC has not provided significant hearing improvement in the population studied. The factors with the worst prognosis are the presence of vestibular symptoms, profound hearing loss, high-frequency hearing loss in audiometry, the beginning of treatment after 2 weeks and fundamentally, the lack of improvement of at least 10 dB on the 4th day of treatment. (AU)

Artificial Intelligence-based CT Assessment of Bronchiectasis: The COPDGene Study.

Background CT is the standard method used to assess bronchiectasis. A higher airway-to-artery diameter ratio (AAR) is typically used to identify enlarged bronchi and bronchiectasis; however, current imaging methods are limited in assessing the extent of this metric in CT scans. Purpose To determine the extent of AARs using an artificial intelligence-based chest CT and assess the association of AARs with exacerbations over time. Materials and Methods In a secondary analysis of ever-smokers from the prospective, observational, multicenter COPDGene study, AARs were quantified using an artificial intelligence tool. The percentage of airways with AAR greater than 1 (a measure of airway dilatation) in each participant on chest CT scans was determined. Pulmonary exacerbations were prospectively determined through biannual follow-up (from July 2009 to September 2021). Multivariable zero-inflated regression models were used to assess the association between the percentage of airways with AAR greater than 1 and the total number of pulmonary exacerbations over follow-up. Covariates included demographics, lung function, and conventional CT parameters. Results Among 4192 participants (median age, 59 years; IQR, 52-67 years; 1878 men [45%]), 1834 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During a 10-year follow-up and in adjusted models, the percentage of airways with AARs greater than 1 (quartile 4 vs 1) was associated with a higher total number of exacerbations (risk ratio [RR], 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.15; P = .01). In participants meeting clinical and imaging criteria of bronchiectasis (ie, clinical manifestations with ≥3% of AARs >1) versus those who did not, the RR was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.31, 1.43; P < .001). Among participants with COPD, the corresponding RRs were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.18; P = .02) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.26, 1.39; P < .001), respectively. Conclusion In ever-smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, artificial intelligence-based CT measures of bronchiectasis were associated with more exacerbations over time. Clinical trial registration no. NCT00608764 © RSNA, 2022 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Schiebler and Seo in this issue.

Otitis externa maligna. Experiencia a lo largo de 25 años en un hospital de tercer nivel / Malignant external otitis. Experience over 25 years at a tertiary referral hospital

Introducción y objetivo: La otitis externa maligna (OEM) es una infección agresiva de los tejidos blandos del oído externo y estructuras circundantes, que puede diseminarse e involucrar la base del cráneo y la articulación temporomandibular (ATM). Afecta fundamentalmente a pacientes inmunodeprimidos mayores de 65 años. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido conocer las características de los pacientes diagnosticados de OEM en nuestro hospital durante los últimos años y establecer los criterios diagnóstico-terapéuticos de esta rara enfermedad. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo, de los pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid por OEM entre los años 1996 y 2021. Resultados: En los últimos 25 años fueron ingresados por OEM nueve pacientes, 78% varones (7/9) y con una edad media de 76,8 años. Todos manifestaron precozmente la enfermedad, con otalgia, otorrea y tejido de granulación en el conducto auditivo externo (CAE). Ninguno tuvo afectación de pares craneales, pero cuatro sufrieron invasión de la ATM y dos fallecieron. Discusión y Conclusiones: Actualmente el diagnóstico de OEM se establece a partir de una variedad de hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio y radiográficos. El tratamiento antibiótico depende de la severidad de la infección. Desde la aparición de los antibióticos antipseudomónicos, el tratamiento quirúrgico inicial de esta patología no está indicado, realizándose únicamente biopsia o desbridamiento para el diagnóstico diferencial con patología tumoral. Conclusión: La OEM continúa siendo una enfermedad con grave morbilidad y potencialmente mortal, especialmente en pacientes ancianos y con otras comorbilidades. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Malignant external otitis (MEO) is an aggressive infection of the soft tissues of the external canal and surrounding structures, which can spread and involve the skull base and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It mainly affects immunocompromised patients over 65 years of age. The objective of this study has been to know the characteristics of patients diagnosed with MEO in our hospital in recent years and to establish the diagnosis and therapeutic criteria for this rare disease. Method: A descriptive, observational, and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with MEO at the University Clinical Hospital (Valladolid, Spain) between 1996 and 2021 was carried out. Results: Nine patients were diagnosed with MEO in the last 25 years, 78% male (7/9), and with a mean age of 76.8 years. All patients manifested the disease early with otalgia, otorrhea and granulation tissue in the external auditory canal (EAC). None had cranial nerve involvement, but four had TMJ invasion and two of the nine patients in the sample died. Discussion: Currently the diagnosis of MEO is established from a variety of clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings. Antimicrobial therapy depends on the severity of the infection. Since the availability of systemic antipseudomonal antibiotics, surgical treatment of this pathology is not indicated initially, performing only biopsy or debridement for differential diagnosis with tumor pathology. Conclusion: MEO continues to be a disease with serious morbidity and maximum mortality, especially in elderly patients and with other comorbidities. (AU)

Costilla cervical como causa de tumor supraclavicular: revisión sistemática / Cervical rib as a cause of supraclavicular tumour. Systematic review

Introducción y objetivo: El hallazgo de una masa dura supraclavicular conlleva siempre preocupación, porque habitualmente implica un diagnóstico de malignidad. El objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en examinar las características diferenciales de la presencia de una costilla cervical que, aun siendo una entidad muy poco frecuente, si se sospecha clínicamente, hace posible un diagnóstico inmediato, evitando exploraciones innecesarias y ofreciendo al paciente un pronóstico de benignidad. Método: Se realiza una revisión sistemática sobre el diagnóstico diferencial de las masas duras supraclaviculares, por dos revisores independientes utilizando cinco buscadores académicos distintos. Resultados: De los 96 artículos obtenidos en la búsqueda inicial, se han extraído 14, tras el cribado de los que no cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El enfoque de los trabajos seleccionados fue el diagnóstico diferencial de una costilla cervical en pacientes con una masa dura supraclavicular. Discusión: La solicitud de pruebas complementarias, retrasa un diagnóstico que puede realizarse con una radiografía simple de tórax, evitando al paciente la angustia de un tortuoso camino. Conclusión: En el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa dura supraclavicular, se debe incluir la posibilidad de una costilla cervical. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Discovering a hard supraclavicular mass is a worrisome finding because it usually implies an underlying malignancy. The objective of this work is to illustrate the clinical presentation and characteristics of a cervical rib, because as unusual as this entity may be, suspecting of it offers an immediate diagnosis, avoids unnecessary explorations and presents a benign diagnosis to the patient. Method: A systematic review about the differential diagnosis of hard supraclavicular masses is carried out by two independent revisers using five different academic search engines. Results: From the 96 articles found in the initial search, 14 that matched the inclusion criteria were chosen. The approach of these selected articles was the differential diagnosis of a cervical rib in patients with a hard supraclavicular mass. Discussion: Soliciting complimentary tests delays a diagnosis that can be easily made through a simple thorax radiography, saving the patient from the distress of tortuous pathway. Conclusions: The differential diagnosis of a hard supraclavicular mass should include the possibility of a cervical rib. (AU)

Costilla cervical: tres casos para ilustrar su presentación clínica / Cervical rib: three cases to illustrate its clinical presentation

Introducción y objetivo: La costilla cervical se manifiesta clínicamente como una tumoración de dureza pétrea en la región supraclavicular, que puede sugerir inicialmente malignidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es ilustrar su presentación, para facilitar la sospecha clínica y el diagnóstico, ofreciendo al paciente un pronóstico benigno. Método: Se presentan tres casos clínicos diagnosticados de costilla cervical en el servicio de ORL de nuestro hospital. Discusión: Los datos de la anamnesis, la exploración clínica y una radiografía simple de tórax, deberían ser indicios suficientes, para diferenciar esta entidad de un proceso maligno. Conclusiones En el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa dura supraclavicular, debemos pensar en la posibilidad de una costilla cervical. (AU)

Introduction and objective: A cervical rib clinically manifests as a hard supraclavicular lump, which may initially suggest malignancy. The objective of the present work is to illustrate its presentation, to make the suspicion and diagnosis of it easier and thereby offering the patient a benign diagnosis. Method: We present three clinical cases of cervical rib seen in the ENT service of our hospital. Discussion: Information from the clinical interview and physical exam along with a simple thorax radiography should be sufficient to distinguish this entity from a malignant process. Conclusions: In the differential diagnosis of a hard supraclavicular mass, we should consider the possibility of a cervical rib. (AU)

Resultados de aplicar un protocolo de seguridad al paciente traqueotomizado procedente de una unidad de cuidados críticos / Results of applying a safety protocol of the patient with tracheotomy from a critical care unit

Introducción y objetivo: El incremento de traqueotomías en las unidades de cuidados críticos aumenta notablemente la morbimortalidad en la sala general. Para revertirlo, hemos implementado un programa de seguimiento multidisciplinar basado en la formación, la estandarización de los cuidados y la adopción de nuevas estrategias. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo y observacional del seguimiento de 150 pacientes en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel, que carece de unidad de cuidados intermedios. Registramos y analizamos las variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y la evolución tras la aplicación del programa. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 61 años, 67% varones y el 42% neurocríticos. 71% con traqueotomía percutánea. La mortalidad general fue del 17% y la de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular del 6,3%. Hubo un 8% de reingresos en la unidad de críticos. Detectamos un 23% de complicaciones de escasa gravedad. Se decanuló durante el ingreso a un 43% de pacientes y el 38% volvió a su domicilio, siendo dados de alta un 55% con alimentación oral. El tiempo medio de estancia en la unidad de críticos fue de 34 días y de 70 días la media de ingreso hospitalario. Conclusiones: Este trabajo describe los resultados obtenidos tras aplicar un protocolo de seguimiento multidisciplinar en la sala de hospitalización, del paciente traqueotomizado que procede de las UCC. La finalidad de este seguimiento es mejorar la seguridad de estos pacientes, a fin de disminuir su morbimortalidad. Las aplicación de nuevas estrategias permitirá su evaluación en relación con los datos obtenidos de este estudio. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Increasing the number of tracheostomies in critical care units significantly increases morbimortality in the wards. To reverse this, we have implemented a multidis-ciplinary follow-up program based on training, standardization of care and the adoption of new strategies. Methodology: Prospective and observational cohort study of the follow-up of 150 patients in a third-level university hospital that does not have a step-down unit. We record and analyze the clinical and epide-miological variables and the evolution after the application of the program. Results: The average age was 61 years old, 67 % male, and 41 % neurocritical care patients. Percutaneous tracheostomy in 71 % of all tracheostomies. Global mortality was 17 % and that of patients with stroke was 6.3 %. Readmission to critical care units was 8 %. Low-severity complications were detected in 23 % of patients. The decannulation process was completed during admission in 43 % of patients, 38 % in all discharged from hospital, 55 % of them with oral feeding now of discharge. Average stay in critical care unit was 34 days and hospital length of stay was 70 days. Conclusions: This work describes the results obtained after applying a multidisciplinary follow-up protocol in the wards, of the tracheotomized patient who comes from the critical care units. The purpose of this follow-up is to improve the safety of these patients, to reduce their morbimortality. The application of new strategies will allow their evaluation in relation to the data obtained from this study. (AU)

Pulmonary arterial pruning is associated with CT-derived bronchiectasis progression in smokers.

Loss of small pulmonary arteries measured as the ratio of blood vessel volume in arteries <5 mm2 in cross-section to total arterial blood vessel volume (BV5a/TBVa), with lower values indicating more pruning, was associated with 5-yr progressing CT-derived bronchiectasis in smokers (Odds Ratio (OR) [95% Confidence interval], 1.28 [1.07-1.53] per 5% lower BV5a/TBVa, P = 0.007). Corresponding results in smokers with COPD were: OR 1.45 [1.11-1.89] per 5% lower BV5a/TBVa, P = 0.007. The results support a vascular factor for structural progression of bronchiectasis.

Tricofoliculoma del conducto auditivo externo. Revisión bibliográfica / Trichofolliculoma in the external auditory canal. Bibliographic review

Introducción y objetivo: El tricofoliculoma es un tumor anexial de los folículos pilosos que excepcionalmente puede presentarse en el conducto auditivo externo. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la bibliografía publicada sobre el tricofoliculoma localizado en el conducto auditivo externo a propósito de un caso diagnosticado en nuestro centro. Método: Revisión bibliográfica por dos revisores independientes en mayo 2020 en bases de datos actualizadas. Resultados: En la literatura se hallaron seis casos clínicos publicados de tricofoliculoma en conducto auditivo externo. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico histológico de tricofoliculoma de conducto auditivo externo. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Trichofoliculoma is an adnexal tumor of the hair follicles that may exceptionally occur in the external auditory canal. The objective of this article is to review the published literature on trichofoliculoma located in the external auditory canal about a case diagnosed in our center. Method: Literature review by two independent reviewers in May 2020 in updated databases. Results: In the literature, six published clinical cases of trichofoliculoma in the external auditory canal were found. Conclusions: The histological diagnosis of trichofoliculoma of the external auditory canal. (AU)

Tricofoliculoma del conducto auditivo externo. Un caso excepcional de presentación agresiva / Trichofolliculoma of the external auditory canal, an exceptional case of aggressive presentation

Introducción: El tricofoliculoma es una tumoración anexial, infrecuente y benigna, de los folículos pilosos, cuya localización en el conducto auditivo externo (CAE) es excepcional. Objetivo: Describir y actualizar, las características clínicas y evolutivas del tricofoliculoma del CAE a través de un caso clínico. Caso clínico: Mujer de 47 años con una tumoración agresiva del CAE, que destruía la mastoides, cuyo estudio histopatológico, tras la cirugía, ofreció el diagnóstico de tricofoliculoma, asociado a un colesteatoma, Discusión y conclusiones: El tricofoliculoma es un raro tumor de los folículos pilosos, cuya localización en el CAE es excepcional. El comportamiento agresivo del caso presentado quizá fuera debido a su asociación con un colesteatoma, de probable origen secundario. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Trichofolliculoma is a rare and benign adnexal tumour of the hair follicles. The location of this tumour in the external auditory canal (EAC) is exceptional. Its diagnosis is histopathological. Objective: Present an exceptional clinical case, the finding of a trichofolliculoma in the external auditory canal. Clinical case: We present the clinical case of a CAE trichofolliculoma that, when associated with a cholesteatoma, had an aggressive manifestation with destruction of the temporal bone. Conclusion: Trichofolliculoma is a rare tumour of the hair follicles whose location in the EAC is exceptional. The aggressive behaviour of the case presented was due to its association with a cholesteatoma, probably secondary to the obstruction and recurrent inflammatory processes of the tumour. (AU)

Cell-free DNA profiling informs all major complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) provides effective treatment for hematologic malignancies and immune disorders. Monitoring of posttransplant complications is critical, yet current diagnostic options are limited. Here, we show that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in blood is a versatile analyte for monitoring of the most important complications that occur after HCT: graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a frequent immune complication of HCT, infection, relapse of underlying disease, and graft failure. We demonstrate that these therapeutic complications are informed from a single assay, low-coverage bisulfite sequencing of cfDNA, followed by disease-specific bioinformatic analyses. To inform GVHD, we profile cfDNA methylation marks to trace the cfDNA tissues-of-origin and to quantify tissue-specific injury. To inform infection, we implement metagenomic cfDNA profiling. To inform cancer relapse, we implement analyses of tumor-specific genomic aberrations. Finally, to detect graft failure, we quantify the proportion of donor- and recipient-specific cfDNA. We applied this assay to 170 plasma samples collected from 27 HCT recipients at predetermined timepoints before and after allogeneic HCT. We found that the abundance of solid-organ-derived cfDNA in the blood at 1 mo after HCT is predictive of acute GVHD (area under the curve, 0.88). Metagenomic profiling of cfDNA revealed the frequent occurrence of viral reactivation in this patient population. The fraction of donor-specific cfDNA was indicative of relapse and remission, and the fraction of tumor-specific cfDNA was informative of cancer relapse. This proof-of-principle study shows that cfDNA has the potential to improve the care of allogeneic HCT recipients by enabling earlier detection and better prediction of the complex array of complications that occur after HCT.

First wave of COVID-19 in Venezuela: Epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics of first cases.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has particularly affected countries with weakened health services in Latin America, where proper patient management could be a critical step to address the epidemic. In this study, we aimed to characterize and identify which epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical risk factors defined COVID-19 infection from the first confirmed cases through the first epidemic wave in Venezuela. A retrospective analysis of consecutive suspected cases of COVID-19 admitted to a sentinel hospital was carried out, including 576 patient cases subsequently confirmed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Of these, 162 (28.1%) patients met the definition criteria for severe/critical disease, and 414 (71.2%) were classified as mild/moderate disease. The mean age was 47 (SD 16) years, the majority of which were men (59.5%), and the most frequent comorbidity was arterial hypertension (23.3%). The most common symptoms included fever (88.7%), headache (65.6%), and dry cough (63.9%). Severe/critical disease affected mostly older males with low schooling (p < 0.001). Similarly, higher levels of glycemia, urea, aminotransferases, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed in severe/critical disease patients compared to those with mild/moderate disease. Overall mortality was 7.6% (44/576), with 41.7% (28/68) dying in hospital. We identified risk factors related to COVID-19 infection, which could help healthcare providers take appropriate measures and prevent severe clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that the mortality registered by this disease in Venezuela during the first epidemic wave was underestimated. An increase in fatalities is expected to occur in the coming months unless measures that are more effective are implemented to mitigate the epidemic while the vaccination process is ongoing.

Impacto de la hipoacusia unilateral en el desarrollo del lenguaje / Impact of unilateral hearing loss on language development

Antecedentes y objetivo: Aunque aparentemente la hipoacusia unilateral (HU) pase desapercibida, desde hace 40 años sabemos que su presencia puede ocasionar problemas académicos y comportamentales. Dada la escasez de trabajos publicados y la variabilidad de resultados, nos proponemos conocer su impacto realizando un estudio formal del lenguaje en niños con HU, analizando los posibles factores predisponentes y complementando los resultados con la opinión de sus padres. Material y métodos: Seleccionamos 16 niños de 3 a 15 años, diagnosticados precozmente de HU prelocutiva, de tipo y grado variables, aplicándoles las pruebas de lenguaje: «EMLE», «EDAF», «PLON-R/BLOC-SR» y «Evaluación fonológica del habla infantil de Laura Bosch». Así mismo, obtuvimos la opinión de los padres sobre las repercusiones observadas en el desarrollo lingüístico de sus hijos con HU, a través de un cuestionario específico. Resultados: Con independencia del oído afecto y del grado y tipo de pérdida auditiva, el desarrollo global del lenguaje muestra un rango normal, mejorando con la edad y en posible dependencia con el nivel socioeducativo de la familia. Las alteraciones se producen en morfosintaxis. En la HU profunda, las puntuaciones en fonología y en lecto-escritura son inferiores al resto. Las respuestas al cuestionario parental indican una mayor necesidad de apoyos educativos y logopédicos y la presencia de cambios en el comportamiento escolar. Conclusiones: Solo hemos detectado algunas alteraciones en el lenguaje de estos niños con HU, comprobando la escasa importancia que dan los padres a esta deficiencia. Aunque los resultados no nos permiten determinar el impacto que la HU tendrá en el desarrollo evolutivo de un niño en concreto, consideramos fundamental para su prevención, ofrecer información sobre las posibles consecuencias y procurar detectar precozmente cualquier alteración a través de un seguimiento cercano, logopédico y auditivo.(AU)

Background and objective: Even if apparently unilateral hearing loss (UHL) goes unnoticed, it has been known for 40 years that its presence leads to academic and behavioural problems. Due to the shortage of published studies and the variability of the results, our purpose is to evaluate the impact of this condition by making a formal study of language in children with UHL, analysing predisposing factors and including the parents’ point of view. Methods: A group of 16 children between 3 to 15 years old were selected; all had an early diagnosis of prelingual UHL, with a variability in grade and type. Several language tests have been applied: “EMLE”, “EDAF”, “PLON-R/BLOC-SR” and “Evaluación Fonológica del habla infantil” (Laura Bosch). In addition, we obtained the parents’ opinion about the impact on their children's language development with UHL, through an ad hoc questionnaire. Results: Regardless of the impaired ear, the grade and type of UHL, the global development of language showed a normal range, which improved with age and possibly depends on the socio-educational level of the family. The main alterations were found in morphosyntax. In profound UHL, the outcome in the phonological registry and in reading and writing are lower than in the other categories. According to the parental questionnaire responses, more educational and speech language support is required and some behavioural changes were also detected, mostly at school. Conclusions: Only a few language alterations were detected; we realize that parents do not attach much importance to this deficit. Although the impact of UHL on the development of a specific child cannot be determined, for prevention information is essential on possible consequences, as well as early detection of any variation through close monitoring, speech and hearing therapy.(AU)

Cytomegalovirus events in high-risk allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation patients who received letermovir prophylaxis.

Letermovir is approved for the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and clinical disease in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation (HCT). However, there is uncertainty about letermovir's ability to prevent clinical events during the period of prophylaxis as well as after the discontinuation of prophylaxis in the post-transplant setting. We performed a retrospective cohort study in CMV-seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients at high risk of CMV events, who received letermovir for primary prophylaxis from November 2017 through December 2019. We analyzed CMV outcomes for these patients during and after prophylaxis was discontinued. Patient outcomes were followed through June 2020. Sixty patients received letermovir for a median of 13 weeks (range, 1-72 weeks). Thirteen (22%) patients had quantifiable CMV DNAemia (reactivation) during letermovir prophylaxis a median of 9 days (range, 1-59 days) after starting letermovir. Five (8%) of these patients discontinued prophylaxis and received preemptive therapy (PET) with valganciclovir; eight (13%) continued letermovir as prophylaxis and CMV DNAemia resolved without PET. Thirteen patients (22%) had post-prophylaxis CMV reactivation a median of 33 days (range, 14-109 days) after letermovir discontinuation. In four (7%) of these patients, CMV DNAemia resolved without PET, and nine (15%) received PET. No patient developed CMV disease. Patients who developed CMV reactivation during prophylaxis did so shortly after initiation of letermovir, and most patients who developed CMV reactivation post-prophylaxis did so within 60 days after discontinuation of letermovir. Letermovir prophylaxis has changed the presentation of CMV infection in high-risk HCT patients.